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3) method: UPSIDE-DOWN PERCOLATION

	Period: mid 1800 Functioning system: upside-down percolation Made-in-France “reversible” coffeepots (brand L.C.) in nickel-plated brass or hammered copper, with upside-down percolation functioning activated by a spirit burner positioned at its basement. Capacity of 1-8 cups. The most attractive model of these reversible coffeepots is best known as "the Potsdam boiler" or as "the Russian Egg". In addition to contain the burner at the basement, rotate and support the coffee maker, the elegantly engraved and decorated frame was used to serve coffee at the table. The spirit burner was also used to keep the coffee warm after having brewed it.

	Period: late 1800 - early 1900 Functioning system: upside-down percolation Made-in-Italy stove "Neapolitan" coffee pots to be used on a flame and realized in tinplate or copper, with upside-down percolation functioning. Capacity of 4 to 8 cups. The Neapolitan coffeepot - firstly realized in tinplate and then in aluminum - was one of the most popular coffeepots in Italy until the early 1950s, when it gave way to the Mocha coffeepot.

4) method: PUMP PERCOLATION

	Period: Beginnings of 1800 Functioning system: pump percolation Marvelous example of flame coffee percolator made in France and realized in copper with accessories in brass and wooden. By heating up, the water contained in the boiler (lower part) rises up through the external pipe, and then it falls back on the perforated tin-plated filter containing the ground coffee in the upper cylinder. The passage of the boiling water through the filter is signaled by the whistle and by the level column in glass. At this point, once the coffeepot has been removed from the flame, the side valve between the upper container and the boiler is open to make coffee flow down to the lower container, where it is finally poured into the cup. In this way, the percolation cycle is carried out only once. If the coffeepot is not removed from the flame, and the valve is maintained open, the process is completed through the percolation system in a continuous cycle and with recirculation pumping.


	Period: 1923 Functioning system:pump percolation Made-in-France coffee machines “Pouget”, realized in brass and nickel-plated brass; these machines could be used on a flame, with a capacity of eight cups (on the right side), or with power supply, producing six cups (on the left side). By heating up, the water in the boiler rises up through the tubular handle up to the filter containing the ground coffee. The coffee infusion so obtained is collected into the upper container and then poured into the cup through the spout. Unlike the percolation system with recirculation pumping, where this process is carried out through a continuous cycle until the coffeepot is not removed from the heat source, this cycle takes place only once.

5) method: PERCOLATION WITH RECIRCULATION PUMPING

	Period: 1894 – 1907 Functioning system: percolation with recirculation pumping US-made coffee machines "Universal" produced by Landers, Frary and Clark in New Britain. Realized in nickel-plated brass or copper, with a capacity of 0.75 to 1.5 liters, to be used on a spirit burner. The water is pumped to the surface through an internal narrow channel to filter through the ground coffee repeatedly, by completing a continuous circulation. These elegant coffee machines were destined to the wealthy US and British families of the late 1800 and early 1900; they could be used directly in the dining room to pour coffee in the cup.


	Period: 1940-1960 Functioning system: percolation with recirculation pumping British-made coffee machines “Swan-Brad” produced by Bulpitt & Sons Ltd., with electric power supply functioning - realized in 1947 (left) and in 1961 (right), respectively.

	Period: late 1800 Functioning system: percolation with recirculation pumping Two tinplated and copper examples of the French coffeepot made by Bouillon and Siry, realized with the patent registered in 1877 by Louis Malen. Very popular coffee machines in France and in the United Kingdom. The water is pumped to the surface to filter through the ground coffee repeatedly, by completing a continuous circulation.

	Period: 1950 Functioning system: percolation with recirculation pumping Very popular coffee maker used in Germany. The coffee maker “Moccadur” is realized in chromium-plated brass and glass, with power supply functioning. The water is pumped to the surface to filter through the ground coffee repeatedly, by completing a continuous circulation if the heat source is not interrupted. The upper part in glass allows to watch the brewing cycle.

6) method: PISTON OR FILTER-PRESS

Period: 1852
Functioning system: filter-press
The brewing system with “piston filter-press was realized for the first time in France in 1852. After some minutes the coffee powder has been infused into the boiling water, the piston with filter is pushed downwards to press over the ground coffee at the bottom of the coffeepot and to separate the coffee dregs from the beverage.
On the right: the French-made coffee maker “Caféolette” created by Louis Forest in silver-clad brass and wooden-made; this machine became very popular in the early 1900 for the brewing of the French typical coffee&milk beverage.
On the left: recent model of the French coffee maker “Melior”, a brand founded in 1930: this coffee maker made in Pyrex glass and with filter in stainless steel has a capacity of eight cups.

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